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Linux- sometimes referred to by the press as 'Windows NT's
worst enemy'. Wired Magazine once called it 'The greatest
story never told'. This is a perfect definition because the
story behind Linux is indeed a great one, yet it is unknown
to so many people. Let's start at the beginning.
1.0 -
Intro
Back when 'Stayin' Alive' was still topping the charts, and
Microsoft was a spec in the world of computers, AT&T
produced a multi-user operating system and labeled it
'UNIX'. Throughout the years, UNIX caught on and many
different versions of it began to come out. A popular one,
called 'Minix' (mini-UNIX) was available for use at The
University of Helsinki in Finland.
A student at the University named Linus Torvalds believed
he could create an operating system superior to Minix. In
1991 he started his new operating system as a side project,
but it soon developed into a full-time hobby until 1994 when
the first official version of the operating system was
released.
You're probably now saying 'so what's the big deal about
Linux? Isn't it just another operating system?' Absolutely
not! First of all, Linux is released under something called
'open source license'. Open source is really more of an idea
than a thing. Linux is released with all the source code and
files that it was made with. This means a few things. Anyone
who is good at programming can mess with the Linux code and
release his own version of it. This also means that even
though if you buy Linux in a store it will cost money,
you're not paying for the actual Linux itself. Your money
goes to the price of packaging, the extra software that
comes with the operating system, and technical support. The
second, and most important reason that Linux is a big deal
is because it's a much more stable operating system than
Windows. It runs on any system; even bottom of the line
386's from before Linux even came out. Programs running
under Linux almost never crash, and in the off chance that
one does because of bad programming by the program author,
it will not take the operating system down with it. Another
important reason Linux is good is that it is secure. It is
much harder to bring down by a hacker than Windows is (for
further reading, read the 'Basic Unix Security Guide' by R a
v e N at blacksun.box.sk). This is just an extremely short
list of the reasons why Linux is so great. For further
reading check out
www.linux.org
This tutorial is for Windows users who want to migrate to
Linux. This is written for Redhat or Mandrake Linux (the two
most easy-to-install and user-friendly Linux distributions),
but the information here will most probably help you with
whatever distribution you are using. The only problem with
this is that Mandrake and RedHat are relativley simple to
install, and some other distrobutions are much more complex.
I highly suggest you buy Linux-Mandrake rather than RedHat.
Mainly because it is cheaper and comes with more software,
but as you read through this tutorial, you'll see more
reasons why I recommend Mandrake.
The first thing you're going to have to do with your new
operating system is install it- but you can't do that so
quickly.
2.0 -
Preparation
If you already have Microsoft Windows on your system and
you want it to co-exist with Linux, you are going to have to
create another hard drive partition. What a hard drive
partition is a totally separate part of a hard drive. If two
hard drive partitions weren't physically part of the same
disc, they would be two different hard drives. Anyway, the
reason for this is that Windows and Linux are totally
different in the way they access hard drives and handle
files. If they are using each other's hard drive space the
two operating systems can conflict and cause major problems
for your computer. Well, as I was saying, you need to create
a hard drive partition reserved for Linux. There are MS-DOS
programs that do this, but they are "lethal" partition
making programs. By this I mean that while making a new
partition, they can destroy or at least corrupt files on
another partition. If you want to make a partition for
Linux, without killing your Windows files you need a
"non-lethal" partition program. If you get Linux-Mandrake, a
"non-lethal" partition program is included with it (this is
just one of the reasons why I recommend Mandrake over
RedHat).
Well with all this talk of partitions and hard drives, you
must be wondering roughly how much hard drive space you'll
need for Linux. If you want the complete system with
everything, you'll need about 1.5 gigabyte+ hard drive
space. However it is possible to productively run a full
Linux distribution (there are "miniature" Linux
distributions that range from around 2 to 35 megabytes, and
there's also Trinux, which runs from two 1.44MB floppy
disks! Get it from www.trinux.org) to with as little as 150
megabytes. Trust me, you don't want EVERYTHING. Linux comes
with tons of software you'll probably won't need. For
example: Linux comes with a variety of network servers - a
web server, a Sendmail server, a telnet server, an FTP
server etc'. If you choose not to install something and then
regret, you can still get it later off the original
installation CD.
So anyway, if you have sufficient hard drive space, and a
"non-lethal" partition program, you're ready to proceed to
the next step: installation.
***Even if you're using a "non-lethal" partition program, I
suggest you backup your Windows files just in case something
goes wrong.***
3.0 -
Installation
Now that your computer is ready for Linux, you're ready to
install it. When you bought the software, it probably came
with a few CD's and a disk.
The disk is boot disk for the Linux installation program.
You pop in the disk, reset your computer, the installation
program begins, and you're ready to install Linux. The only
thing is that the installation program will take a while to
load since it's from a disk.
**The stuff on the disk is probably just a duplicate of
some of the stuff on the first CD. If your computer is
capable of booting from a CD (and most newer ones are,
otherwise, check your manual) then instead of putting the
disk in your computer then rebooting, put in the first CD as
it will load much quicker. Of course, you'll need to mess
with your BIOS configurations first, but that's no big deal.
Hit del when your computer boots up (after it tells you how
much RAM you have) and mess around with it until you can
find out how to make your computer attempt to boot from your
CD drive first. This differs from different BIOS systems.**
3.1 -
Ok..You're finally ready to install Linux.
The first few questions the install program asks you are
self explanatory, just things like your language and stuff.
One thing you might get stumped on is when you are prompted
on whether you have any SCSI adapters or not. An SCSI
adapter can be anything such as a mouse, printer, scanner,
etc. It all depends if you have an SCSI controller. Chances
are, you don't have any SCSIs, but check your manual to be
sure. Also, if you are completely sure that your copy of
Microsoft Windows is properly-configured, you can quit the
installation program at any time, return to Windows, run
control panel, click on system and find out all the
information you'll need about your system's hardware.
3.2 -
More Partition Stuff
The next thing you might have trouble with is a dialog box
that appears asking you some questions about your hard drive
partitions. The name of the dialog box should 'Disk Setup'.
There should be three buttons on the bottom of the box. One
labeled 'Disk Druid', another labeled 'fdisk', and the last
is the back button. Since you already set up your
partitions, select 'Disk Druid'. If you originally only had
one partition with windows, then the top of the screen
should look something like this:
Mount Point Device Requested Actual Type
hda1 ??MB ??MB Win95
hda2 ??MB ??MB Linux Swap
hda3 ??MB ??MB Linux Native
Mount point should be blank.
'Device' is the name of the partition
'Requested' is the amount of hard drive space you wanted
for the partition
'Actual' is the amount of hard drive space that is really
in the partition
'Type' is what's in the partition
**The 'requested' and 'actual' sections for the 'Linux
Swap" type should be the amount of RAM you have.**
**It looks confusing, but in reality if it is simple. Don't
worry if your screen doesn't look exactly like my diagram,
it probably won't.**
What you should do now is select the 'Linux Native' section
(by pressing tab to get to that part of the screen, then
using the arrow keys) and then press tab again until the
'edit' button is highlighted. Pressing spacebar will bring
up another dialog box. In the space provided, put a slash
(/) then press OK. Now you're back at the main screen. Press
tab to get to OK, and then press spacebar.
**what you're actually doing here is telling the computer
to put the root directory, signified by the slash, in the
Linux Native partition. The root directory '/', is similar
to 'C:\' in DOS/Windows.**
Next you come to a screen asking which partitions to
format. Select the one that 'Linux Native' is in. You should
select the '/dev/xxxx/' partition where 'xxxx' is the name
of the device that the Linux Native partition is under. This
is where you put the '/' on the last screen. If the Linux
Native partition device was hda3 then choose '/dev/hda3', if
it was hda6, then choose '/dev/hda6', you get the point.
**IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT YOU DO NOT SELECT THE WRONG
PARTITION TO FORMART!**
3.3 -
Selecting What to Install
Suppose you had three hard drives on Windows - c:\, d:\ and
e:\, and you want to install Linux on d:\. Windows assigns
the letter c to the first hard drive it finds that has a
DOS/Windows file partition, d to the second
DOS/Windows-compatible hard drive etc', so this might help
you out determining which device to choose. Also, if you
turn d:\ into the Linux hard drive, it will disappear from
DOS/Windows, and e:\ will turn into d:\.
You're not finished yet, but take a sigh of relief, the
hardest part is over. Next comes the screen asking which
packages to install. Some of the most important ones are
selected already. If you have a lot of hard drive space,
select all the other packages. Otherwise, just select the
others that you think are important. Definitely select 'KDE'
and 'GNOME'. Those are window manager programs for the
X-Windows system (a GUI - Graphical User Interface), and
we'll deal with them later. Anyway, newer versions always
come with new software and/or updates for old software.
Press OK and the Linux installation begins!
3.4 -
Misc. Configurations
After everything has been installed, you are prompted for
more things. The first should be what resolution your
monitor is. Most people would like to use the same
resolution they use on Windows, so if you don't know which
resolution you were using until now, switch back to Windows,
right-click on your desktop area, click properties and find
the settings tab. You should see your current resolution
there. This would probably be the same resolution you would
want to use on Windows. If you want a higher resolution,
consult your monitor's manual to find out how high you can
go.
Next is the mouse configuration. If your mouse is not on
the list, select 'Generic PS/2 Mouse'.
There are more such as clock set and time zone but those
are self-explanatory. After this, comes the services screen.
These are the things that will startup when you run Linux.
Then it will prompt you for if you want the X-Windows
interface to run when you start Linux. If you are a Linux
newbie (and you probably are, unless you weren't reading
this guide), I suggest you do this. X windows is the GUI
system, as explained before.
The last configuration is the printer. This is
self-explanatory.
3.5 -
Configuring Users
Ok...you're almost done; the configurations are pretty much
finished. Now you will be prompted to create a password for
the root operator. Even though it is still very popular on
single home users, Linux is a multi-user operating system.
Even if you'll be the only person using your computer,
having a multi-user system is quite benefical. For example:
you can use a less-privileged user to prevent yourself from
doing stupid things and messing things up. You can run
sensitive software which can be broken to (say, some sort of
a server. For example: a Sendmail server for outgoing mail
if you're planning to let people sent mail from your
machine, or a web server if you want to serve a website off
your computer) as a less-privileged user, so if someone will
manage to exploit some hole in this software, he will have
very limited privileges (up to what the program needs to run
properly) and he won't be able to do much, or nothing at all
in most cases (he won't have read access to password files,
he won't have write access to the website's files so he
won't be able to alter them etc'). On any UNIX-based system
(and there are many) the main user is called 'root'. The
root has supreme power over the system and supreme power
over all the other users. In fact, he has unlimited power
(unless he or another root-privileged user chooses to impose
access limits, but root-privileged users can always restore
their rights to the fullest).
My root password is a particularly simple one. Mainly
because I am the only one who uses Linux on my computer (and
besides that I trust my own family!) and that my Linux
system is not connected to the Internet (so hackers [or
crackers I should say] would have no way to get into my
system). Make your password anything not to complicated that
you'll forget it, but something that is very hard to guess.
After you're done making a password for the root user,
you're prompted to create an unprivileged, or ordinary user
account. You make the user name, credentials, and password.
It may seem pointless at first to create another user-
especially an unprivileged one if you are the only one who
is going to be using Linux. However there is a big advantage
to it. As a root user, you can do anything to the system,
including seriously messing it up. Nothing will stop you
because you are root. An ordinary user account is like
security so if you mess up, the system will stop you.
3.6 -
Booting Configurations
Next you are asked if you want to create a boot disk. I
strongly recommend this because it will put the Linux boot
stuff on the disk, not your computer. If you put the Linux
boot stuff on a computer with windows, it may conflict with
the windows boot stuff in case you ever reinstall Windows
(go to blacksun.box.sk/byteme.html and read #18 for a good
example).
The Linux 'boot stuff' I'm talking about is a program
called 'LILO'. That's short for 'Linux Loader'. Anyway LILO
installs itself to the boot sector of the computer. The
problem is that Windows also installs stuff to the boot
sector. LILO can install over Windows and let you choose to
either boot up Linux or Windows whenever you start up your
computer. If you choose Windows, it'll use Windows' "boot
stuff".
Anyway, in my opinion, when the install program asks you to
create a boot disk, click Ok, then follow the directions to
create a boot disk. Oh yeah, by the way, when you make a
boot disk, it puts LILO on that disk. When it asks you to
install LILO, just press Skip (unless you want to install
LILO, which most users will).
Congratulations! You're done installing Linux! When the
installation program ends, take the installation boot disk
out of the drive. If you booted the installation from CD,
don't forget to take that out too.
4.0 -
Running Linux
I bet you're glad to finish that installation! Now you're
finally ready to run the system. If you decided to create a
boot disk, insert that into the disk drive. If you decided
to install LILO, just sit tight for now. Regardless of what
you did, reset your computer. If you used LILO, you will get
a prompt to load Linux or Windows. If you used a boot disk,
the
system will startup automatically.
After the system starts up, the will get prompted for a
user name and password. This will look different depending
on how you configured it in the installation. If you chose
to start the X Windows GUI automatically, the username and
password screen will look like it does in Windows (well,
sort of. X-Windows is much cooler, unless you're using some
lame version of it or some lame window manager). If you
chose not to load the X Windows interface at startup (like
most advanced users will), you'll be presented with a
text-based interface. The text-based interface (the command
console) is much faster than the graphical system, but this
also means you cannot view any graphics until you start
X-Windows (this is a good time to mention that most people
just call it X). Anyway, you can always run a command
console from an X window (usually called an "XTerm", which
stands for X Terminal). Anyway, the login screen will look
pretty much the same regardless of whether you are using
RedHat or Mandrake.
If you're wondering what to type in the username box,
that's easy. Your username is 'root' (remember?). The
password is the one that you selected at installation.
5.0 -
Using Linux
5.1 -
Intro To The Console
Even though you'll probably be able to do everything with
ease using the X Windows GUI, there is still some stuff you
should know. First off, don't rely on a GUI for everything!
That is very important because you will learn a lot by using
the console. The console is more powerful and can do a lot
of things you would REALLY like if you'll just grab a good
basic Unix book and start learning. After you do, you'll
find yourself often opening an XTerm window to run some
console commands which you cannot run from X. If you
selected to start the GUI interface when Linux loads up,
there are still lots of ways to get to the console.
The console prompt should look somewhat like this (if
you're logged in as root):
[root@localhost.localdomian]#
The first part identifies who you are, and the '#' is the
actual prompt. Any almost and UNIX type system, the '#'
means you are root. On non-root bash consoles (BASH - Bourne
Again Shell. BASH is the most popular text-based shell.
Confused? Don't worry, we'll get to that in a second) this
will be replaced with a $. Anyway, you can change the
prompt, but we won't get into that now.
5.11 -
Shells
You use a shell everytime you're in the Linux console. What
a shell is, is the program that communicates between you and
the Kernel (the kernel is the core of the system). Let's
think of it as an interpreter for for two people who are
trying to have a meeting, except they don't speak the same
language. One speaks English and the speaks, oh let's say
Hebrew (about half the members of Black Sun Research
Facility (blacksun.box.sk if you don't know the URL yet.
Also, if you havn't noticed, I'm a member of BSRF) are from
Israel). To communicate with each other they need a guy who
speaks both English and Hebrew. If the English guy wants to
tell the Hebrew guy something, he tells it to the
interpreter in English, and then the interpreter tells it to
the other guy in Hebrew, and vice versa. Well anyway,
getting back to the subject, this is the case with Linux.
Your language is the Linux commands, and the Kernel speaks
it's own very complex language. When you want to talk to the
Kernel, you tell shell in your language, and the shell tells
it to the Kernel in it's language. On any Linux system,
there a few shells. Some of them are:
ash
bash
bsh
csh
tcsh
zsh
The most popular and powerful shell is 'bash' (borne again
shell). We won't go that much into shells, because you don't
need to know that much about them just yet.
5.2 -
Navigating The File System
The most important thing to know when using the console is
how to navigate the file system without a graphical program.
The first thing to understand about this is that the bottom
directory, the directory that everything else is a
subdirectory of is '/'. It's like 'C:\' in Windows.
Ok, you start at the console and as a default you're either
in your home directory (every user has a home directory
which contains his personal configurations files). Now you
want to navigate to another directory. But wait, you don't
know any other directories! You'll a directory listing for
this, right? To do this type 'ls' at the prompt. 'ls' is the
equivlant to 'dir' in MS-DOS, and stands for list. You'll
get a list of files and folders. To make the list a bit more
readable, try ls -Fla. The -a shows files which start with a
period (for example: .Xclients-default). The -l displays
file permissions and displays everything in neat columns.
The -F option adds a / after a directory and a * after an
executable file. I also suggest using ls -Fla --color to let
the system color-code different files (may not be available
on some systems).
Anyway, now that you what directories there are, you need
to know how to get into them. Luckily, you use the same
command as you you use in MS-DOS, the 'cd' (change
directory) command. Let's say you're at the bottom
directory, '/' and you want to get to '/root'. You simply
type 'cd root'. There is no need to type 'cd /root', because
you're already in '/'. Now let's say you want to get to
'/root/bin'. This would be done by typing 'cd bin'. There is
no need to type 'cd /root/bin' (the "full path" of the
directory), since you're already in '/root'. Instead, you
can use a "relative path", which is a path that is relative
to the current directory you're in. Type pwd to find out
where you are (pwd stands for print working directory).
Now let's say you're in '/root/bin' and you want to get to
'/usr'. You would type 'cd /usr'. This is to signify that
the 'usr' directory is under '/', not '/root/bin', or even
'/root'. Got it? Ok, just one more thing. If you're in a
subdirectory, and you want to get to the top directory, just
type 'cd ..'. Let's say you're in '/root/bin', and you want
to get to '/root'. You could just type 'cd /root', but hey,
'/root' is five characters! If you want to save precious
miliseconds, just type 'cd ..', since '/root' is the
directory in which '/root/bin' is a subdirectory of. So in
other words, . is the current directory, .. is one directory
above, ... is two directories above etc'.
5.3 -
Basic File and Directory Commands
There are lots of file and directory commands in Linux, but
we'll start with directory commands because they're easier.
First off, you have 'mkdir'. 'mkdir' stands for make
directory and the context is:
mkdir the_directory_you_want_to_make
Some rulse apply. If you're '/', it will make the new
directory under '/'. If you're in '/usr', it will make the
directory under '/usr'. Of course though, if you're in '/'
and you want to make a directory called 'stuff' under
'/usr', you would simply type '/usr/stuff'.
The next command is the 'rm' command. It works with files
and direcotires and is used to delete some, it stands for
'remove'. If you want to remove a file called 'this.gif',
you would go to the directory where that file is and type
'rm this.gif'. Or let's say again you're in '/' and
'this.gif' is in '/usr', you would type 'rm /usr/this.gif'.
It works the same way
with a directory.
Next are the 'cp' and 'mv' commands. They're both
relativley simple, but we'll start with 'cp'. 'cp' stands
for copy, and is used to copy a file from directory to
another. The context is:
cp /directory_where_it_is/filename
/directory_where_you_want_to_copy_it
Of course if you're already in the directory where the file
is, all you need to type is:
cp filename /directory_where_you_want_to_copy_it
'mv' works the exact same way, except it moves the file
instead of copying it. This means it deletes in from the
original directory and puts it in the new one.
5.4 -
Finding and Viewing Commands
To find a file, oyu use the 'find' command. It then
followed by the directory where you want to start looking,
then the '-name' arguement to say that you're searching for
a filename. Next you type the name of the file. Let's say
you're looking for the 'this.gif' in the '/usr' directory,
the context would look like this:
find /usr -name this.gif
The find command doesn't stop at filenames, it can also
search a file for a paticular string of text. It has the
same context as the find file command except you put quotes
and asteriks around the string of text. So if you wanted to
search the '/usr' directory for a file containing the string
'hello', you would type
find /usr -name "*hello*"
Ok, once you find a file, you want to view it right? Well,
you could open the file with a text editor, but we haven't
learned to use tetx editors yet, and anyway if the file you
want to view is important you might accidently change it and
save it using a text editor. That's what the 'cat' command
is for. Let's say you want to view a file called 'stuff.txt'
in '/root'. You would navigate to the '/root' directory and
type 'cat stuff.txt'. Or from any directory, type 'cat
/root/stuff.txt'
-= For more commands, buy a good basic Unix book =-
5.5 -
linuxconf
There are lots of commands in Linux for configuring
everything to user passwords, networks, and the message that
comes up when you start Linux. With so many things to
configure, luckily there is one program that does it all.
Just type 'linuxconf' at the command prompt, and you'll be
brought to the Linux Configuration program.
5.6 -
Mounting
5.61 -
Mounting Drives
In Linux, drives not only have to be physically mounted to
the computer, but mounted in software too. In the KDE and
GNOME GUIs, you can easily mount a CD-ROM or disk drive by
clicking on the 'CD-ROM' or 'Disk Drive' icons on the
desktop.
5.62 -
How to mount
Remember earlier in this tutorial when we went over how a
hard drive partition is almost like a separate hard drive?
Well, just like a separate drive, partitions also have to be
mounted. The main use in this is being able to mount Windows
partition and access Windows files in Linux. Obviously,
Windows software will not run under Linux but there is still
a use for accessing Windows files in Linux.
Let's say you can't use the internet in Linux. You ISP only
allows to dialup with software and they don't make it for
Linux, you're not used to Linux yet so you don't want to use
the net in it yet. This is a down point, but it doesn't mean
you can't download Linux files to use. All you have to do is
download the files in Windows and access them in Linux.
To mount a windows partition in Linux, yhe first thing you
must do is create a directory in Linux where you will mount
the windows partition to reside. Go into file manager (it
should be under utilities no matter what distribution you're
using) and create a new directory under '/'. Call anything,
I suggest calling it 'windows'. Now exit file manager and go
into 'terminal' (should also be under utilities). Terminal
will give you a command prompt just like MS-DOS. This is
what you would have to do everything from if there were no X
Windows GUI. The command to use is simply enough- 'mount'.
But don't type it just yet, you need to give the system more
info. The full command is
mount -t vfat /dev/xxxx /yyyyyyy (yes there is a space
between 'xxxx' and '/')
Or mount -t vfat32 /dev/xxxx /yyyyyyy in case this is a
FAT32 partition.
Where 'yyyyyyy' is the directory you just created, and
'xxxx' is the device name of the partition where Windows
resides. It is usually hda1 or something.
There, now just go into file manager and click on the
directory you created and you will have all the files that
are on your windows partition.
When you're done, don't forget to unmount the drive by
typing:
umount /dev/xxxx /yyyyyyy
Each time you want to access your windows files, just mount
the partition (unless they're set for automount. Edit
/etc/fstab, find the line that represents your Windows
partition and look for a place with says noauto. If you find
the word noauto, change it into defaults. If you don't, your
Windows partition will probably get automounted whenever you
boot-up Linux). When you're done with them, just unmount the
partition.
5.7 -
Runlevels
While Windows is booting, have you ever pressed the F8 key?
Well, if you have, you're probably familiar with a screen
that pops up giving you a list of ways you can load Windows.
There's safe mode, command prompt, step-by-step
confirmation, etc. Linux has something just like that, and
they're called 'runlevels'. There are six runlevels in all,
and some are pretty much the same. A runlevel is a list of
commands to load-up as soon as you start up Linux (there's a
mini-tutorial about runlevels at
blacksun.box.sk/byteme.html). Your default runlevel is
probably 5. If you configured the GUI to start up when you
boot the system, and if your default runlevel is 5, then
that is the runlevel configured to boot the GUI when it
starts up...simple, right?
Well anyway, if you use linuxconf to change your default
runlevel to 2 or 3 or something, then you change it so that
the GUI won't start as soon as the system boots....all
without touching the actual runlevel. When you want to
change it back, just use linuxconf to set the default
runlevel back to 5.
Now let's say you only want to load it without the GUI
coming up once. Instead of having to change the
configuration in linuxconf, and then changing it back, you
can load Linux into another runlevel. Suppose You want to
load runlevel 2...not for any paticular reason, just because
it's not configured to load the GUI when it boots up, and
well, you like the number 2. To do this, as soon LILO comes
up (whether it's on your computer, or your boot disk), you
have the option to type something next to 'boot:'. Just type
'linux x'. 'x' refers to the number of the runlevel, in this
case the number 2, so you type 'linux 2', and press enter.
This will load Linux without loading the GUI. When you
restart Linux, it will load the default runlevel again.
For an interesting runlevels-related local hack, read the
Byte-Me mini-tutorial about runlevels at
blacksun.box.sk/byteme.html.
You are now officially a Linux user. Check out
www.linuxlinks.com for links to some great Linux sites. The
best way to learn about Linux is by messing around with it.
In an hour of playing with Linux you can learn a lot. If you
want more interesting yet simple and easy-to-understand
tutorials, check out http://blacksun.box.sk.
Credits
V1.1
Written by Squiler
ICQ:34500800 |