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This Document Has Been Made For The Distribution Through
Axion Network. (http://www.axion-network.net) Do Not Edit In Any
Way!
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|THE COMPLETE
GUIDE TO COMPUTERS|
| Author: aCId_rAIn |
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|_________http://nav.to/acidrain____________|
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Table of
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Computer History
3. How Computers Work
4. Understanding the Language of Computers
5. Operating Systems and How They Work
6. Using The Internet
7. Conclusion
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1.
Introduction
Welcome, again, to another tutorial by aCId_rAIn. I decided
to make another tutorial COMPLETLEY easy for all users of computers.
This guide will help anyone understand how a computer works and what
it does, and especially why it does it.Enjoy...
2. Computer
History
The computer has not been around for a long time, maybe 15
to 25 years ago that the home user may have been able to get a
desktop computer for themselves.The first computers were made for
military purposes, and the internet was established then. At that
time colleges started using computers for references and information
services. Now, technology has been enhanced with computers so much
that anyone can go out and buy a computer for not a bad price and
use it to their own advantage. Computers have and will always be a
great part of our life.
3. How
Computers Work
The computer consists of a few parts inside of itself and a
few outside.
These are referred to as INTERNAL and EXTERNAL parts. The
"PARTS" are referred to as HARDWARE. HARDWARE parts are parts of the
computer that enable the computer as a whole to communicate with
something. HARDWARE parts include:
Mouse
Speakers
Video Card
Sound Card
Printer
Floppy A:/ Drive
Webcams
Harddrive
Mouse- Let's you input information by clicking on the RIGHT
side for properties of that object and LEFT side for a
confirmation.
Speakers- Allow you to hear the sound that is coming from
an object or maybe music.
Video Card- Allows the monitor to show video (graphics)
Sound Card- Allows the Speakers to work by sending signals
to the computer interpretted by the sound card.
Printer- Allows you to print information on documents etc.
Floopy A:/ Drive- Also known as a SECONDARY STORAGE item,
saves small bits of information on a portable flat disk.
Webcam- Allows you to take pictures and view video by
hooking up to the computer.
Harddrive- Also known as the FIRST HAND STORAGE is the main
means of saving things on the computer.
A simple way to figure out if a hardware part is external
or internal is to ask yourself, "Is this outside or inside the
computer?" If you answered YES, then it is internal, if NO then it
is external.
Now, These harware parts take in raw data that you have
inputted in the computer, and turn it into information.(in other
words, it takes in crap and turns it into something you can read and
understand.) This is done by using the MAIN part of the computer
called the processor. A couple known processors by the company INTEL
are:
Intel Celeron
Intel Pentium I
Intel Pentium II
Intel Pentium III
Intel Pentium IIII
The chips are known very well today as home-office chips or
chips that only home or office people use.
All the information is processed by the chip. The chip also
does mathematical equations. Simple Addition Subtraction Division
and Multiplication.
There are three steps in precessing raw data
1. Input
2. Process
3. Output
Inputting may be by typing or saying something into the
microphone
Processing will process the information that has been
inputted
with a program of some kind, certain information will be
outputted. Either by monitor or maybe by printer or speaker.
Programs- Are bunched up commands to a computer that when
performed, do certain tasks.
There are two kinds of Programs.
1. Application Software
2. System Software
Whats the
difference?
Application Software are programs that make the systems
harware work to make the tasks that it makes commands for, and
outputs information.
System Software are programs that make the system work as a
whole. Also, the Application Software is installed by using the
System Software. System Software is the exact same as Windows
Operating System NT, 95, 98, ME, XP, 2000.
In other words, if Microsoft Word is installed on Windows
98 the Microsoft Word would be the Application Software, and the
Windows 98 would be the System Software.
The way that a computer shows you inputted and outputted
information is called the GUI (Graphical User Interface). This
includes the toolbars and menus for programs. In certain programs
you are allowed to save things. Documents that are typed, pictures,
or pictures of friends or programs. You ask how does things "SAVE"
onto my computer. Well, as explained earlier you have a Primary
Storage and a Secondary Storage. Primary is your harddrive, and
secondary is your Floopy Drive or a blank CD that you have burned.
But deeper, how does it save?
When you save to a floppy disk a small pin reads the
information on the computers hard drive and puts it onto the floppy
by actually using a magnet to embed the information onto the other
magnetic round circle inside the floppy. Inside the floopy there are
parts of the disk called sectors. In the sectors, the data is stored
on. The sectors are basic small squares that are numbered when data
is stored. When the data needs to be read, the small pin reads the
data. Then the data is sent to the memory, also known as RAM (Read
Available Memory). Once sent to the RAM it is stored so it reads
from the computer and not from the disk. Then the processor
processes the data stored in the RAM, and according to the commands
or what the type of data is being processed, the hardware parts come
in to do their part. Taking in the data and perforaming commands to
make the hardware do specific tasks.Then the hardware ouputs the
data if requested to do so.
The saving on a hard drive is exactly the same as a floopy
disk except the hardrive is usually bigger containing more than one
round disk.
So now, since you know how the processing works lets move
onto the next section.
4.
Understanding Computer Languages
In understanding computer languages, you have to know that
programs are made by people that are skilled in knowing the
Operating System that the program is designed to be used on, or
simple programs can be made by ONLY using the processor which has
nothing to do with the operating system. Different program languages
can be leanred. Some may be simple, others may be hard. I will list
some programming languages and what they are used for.
1. Assembly- Operating Systems, such as Windows 98 are
programmed in Assembler. This pretty much makes it the "Big Daddy"
of all other languages, simply because the next listings of
programming languages USE the assembly programming language to
either use the processor or the OS (Operating System). Assembler is
the basic programming language, and is actually most widely used.
2. Pascal- used for making programs that use the processor
or the Operating System.
3. Visual Basic (VB)- used for making programs that use the
processor or the Operating System.
4.C- used for making programs that use the processor or the
Operating System.
5. C++- used for making programs that use the processor or
the Operating System.
6.Visual C++- used for making programs that use the
processor or the Operating System.
Now, Programs can all be designed by these, but in order to
make programs that use the operating systems which are numbered 2 ,
3, 4, 5, and 6 you MUST know assembly also. So if you are going to
be a programmer, then you MUST learn Assembly and one other language
of your desire.
Would you like to see an example of a program in Pascal?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROGRAM BLA (INPUT, OUTPUT);
(*BLA*)
VAR
TOTAL, NUM : INTEGER;
BEGIN
WRITE ('ENTER A NUMBER');
READLN (NUM);
TOTAL := NUM + 5;
WRITELN (TOTAL);
END.
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This program as said earlier is made by uising the Pascal
programming langauge. It does NOT use the OS to run. It simply uses
the processor to do its math.
Broken down, I will number these parts and explain what
they do.
(1)PROGRAM (2)BLA (3)(INPUT, OUTPUT);
(4)(*BLA*)
(5)VAR
(6)TOTAL, NUM : (7)INTEGER;
(8)BEGIN
(9)WRITE (10)('ENTER A NUMBER');
(11)READLN (NUM);
(12)TOTAL := NUM + 5;
(13)WRITELN (TOTAL);
(14)END.
1. For Pascal program is the FIRST WORD IN EVERY PROGRAM to
let the OS know that its a program.
2. Represents the NAME OF THE PROGRAM.
3. LETS THE OS KNOW THAT INPUTTED AND OUTPUTTED INFORMATION
WILL BE USED BY THE PROGRAM.
4. Is the COMMENT STATEMENT. The write of the program can
MAKE A COMMENT about the program he/she made.
5. Represents the VARIABLES that are used. Since they
cannot be claimed as a certain number in this program they are
VARIABLES. VARIABLES are words or letters that be anything in a
program. In this case the variable is what you type in as a number.
The varibales name is NUM, for the number you type in.
6. Represents the varibales used in the program. Again,
they can be anything.
7. Tells the OS that the variables will be used as
INTEGERS.(Positive Numbers)
8. Represents the START of a program
9. Is a command to write or show something on the screen.
10. Represents whats written or shown on the screen.
11. A command that reads what the person puts as their
answer to the command to enter a number.
12. TOTAL := NUM + 5. Total is a variable which means it
can be anything. It has to be described as a varible since noone
will know what number you choose for the program.
TOTAL := means the total equals something. After this has
been written, the following words or commands will tell what total
is.
NUM + 5 will take the NUM variable, which is the number you
input, and add 5 to it.
13. Will print on the screen, the total.
14. Represents the END of a program.
So what does this program do?
Hopefully you know by now what it does. But just in case
you dont, this program takes a number that you enter and adds 5 to
it, then displays the total. In other words, It will ask "enter a
number" and lets say you hit 3 as a number. The program will add 5
to the number you put in, no matter what. Then, it does the math by
adding 5 to the number you enter which was 3. Then it made a command
to display the total once the math was figured up. So the total will
be 8, once figured up. Now even though this wont exactly make you a
programmer, thats how you program.
5. Operating
Systems (OS's) and How They Work
Operating Systems (OS's) is one big program that lets you
use all the other programs, download things, listen to music, etc.
EXAMPLE: The start button, control panel, taskbar, clock and icons
in the taskbar are ALL one BIG program known as Windows. It could be
a different version, maybe NT, 95, 98, ME, XP, or maybe 2000. They
all have these things.The Operating Systems use little programs such
as displaying the clock or showing the start button, or making you
go to control panel when you click it, inside one BIG program. So
basically Windows 98 is a BUNCH OF PROGRAMS operating under one BIG
program. The big program is all the programs listed under it. In
depth, the people that made Windows 98 didnt make seperate programs
and sell them to you, they gave you one disk with all the programs
on it. They put alot of programs together and turned it into one BIG
program.
Examples of Operating Systems are:
1. Microsoft Windows 3.1 -Designed for Windows Computers
2. Microsoft Windows NT -Designed for Windows Computers
3. Microsoft Windows 95 -Designed for Windows Computers
4. Microsoft Windows 98 -Designed for Windows Computers
5. Microsoft Windows ME -Designed for Windows Computers
6. Microsoft Windows XP -Designed for Windows Computers
7. Microsoft Windows 2000 -Designed for Windows Computers
8. OS 1 -Designed for Macintosh (MAC) computers
9. OS 2 -Designed for Macintosh (MAC) computers
10. OS 3 -Designed for Macintosh (MAC) computers
11. OS 4 -Designed for Macintosh (MAC) computers
12. OS 5 -Designed for Macintosh (MAC) computers
13. OS 6 -Designed for Macintosh (MAC) computers
14. OS 7 -Designed for Macintosh (MAC) computers
15. OS 8 -Designed for Macintosh (MAC) computers
16. OS 9 -Designed for Macintosh (MAC) computers
17. OS 10 or (OSX) -Designed for Macintosh (MAC) computers
Operating Systems (such as Windows) are all programmed in
Assembly to this day. (December 6, 2001; 2:08 P.M.)
All operating systems have a base program called DOS
(Direct Operating System) that do all the commands for the operating
system. You probably have heard or have been in the DOS program
before. This small program performs all the commands that the
operating system works off of. Even though Macintosh is different
from Microsoft. They still have a DOS, but it isnt named "DOS". In
Microsoft Windows DOS is the actual name that it goes by, not just
the Abbreviation. THIS IS THE NAME . AGAIN, Macintosh users also
have a DOS (Direct Operating System) but it IS NOT NAMED DOS like
Windows is.
6. Using The
Internet
The WWW (World Wide Web) or also known as the Internet is
consisted of millions of computers hooked up together on ONE BIG
system. Here is where we Play Games, Chat, Email, Instant Message
Chat, Talk, etc.
You can get your internet service from an ISP (Internet
Service Provider) such as AOL, Prodigy, MSN, or Bellsouth. You will
give them a username and a password and you will have access to the
internet, also. Briefly, though, an ISP is someone who gives you
access to the internet, so remember this for the future.
But how does this work? How do we get to do all of this
chat, email and all this other stuff?
Lets first say that the language of the internet (or the
most widely use one, that is) is called TCP/IP (Transfer Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol). In TCP/IP the language identifies two
computers as either a SERVER or a CLIENT.
A server is a computer that either is sending information
at one time or a computer that always sends information. IT SERVES,
and it serves the CLIENT. A CLIENT computer is a computer that sends
informaion to the server in order to get a response of some sort or
to get a certain service like instandt messaging. EXAMPLE: Lets say
you have AOL INSTANT MESSENGER. When you type in your user name and
password, YOU become the CLIENT, because you are requesting for
AOL's Messaging Service. The computer (server) at their side will
say "OK, we are getting the request for service from a user of AOL
INSTANT MESSENGER, lets check the username and password, and if it
matches the ones we have in our computers we will allow them to use
us to talk, chat, etc." Basically, what you are doing when you
connect to AOL, MSN, ICQ, YAHOO, and all these other chat programs
is, connecting to another computer which is allowing you to get the
service of that program. Now,
How does the computer know who to log in, and know I am
logging in? How come it knows the difference between two computers?
The way that it knows is by identifying your HOST NAME or
IP ADDRESS, or by checking the computer name that you typed in when
you installed the operating system. An advanced look at the IP
addres and the host name, has been copied from another one of my
tutorials. This will go into depth on how IP addresses are made and
host names as well.
(From: USING NETBIOS TO YOUR ADVANTAGE. Written by:
aCId_rAIn)
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HOST NAMES
123-fgh-ppp.internet.com
there are many variations of these adresses. For each
different address you see there is a new ISP assigned to that
computer. look at the difference.
abc-123.internet.com
ghj-789.newnet.com
these are differnet host names as you can see, and, by
identifying the last couple words you will be able to tell that
these are two computers on two different ISPs. Now, here are two
host names on the same ISP but a different located server.
123-fgh-ppp.internet.com
567-cde-ppp.internet.com
IP Addresses
You can resolve these host names if you want to the IP
address (Internet Protocol)
IP addresses range in different numbers. An IP looks like
this:
201.123.101.123
Most times you can tell if a computer is running on a cable
connection because of the IP address's numbers. On faster
connections, usually the first two numbers are low. here's a cable
connection IP.
24.18.18.10
on dialup connections IP's are higher, like this:
208.148.255.255
notice the 208 is higher than the 24 which is the cable
connection.
REMEMBER THOUGH, NOT ALL IP ADDRESSES WILL BE LIKE THIS.
Some companies make IP addresses like this to fool someone
into believing it's a dialup. Anyway This gives you an idea on IP
addresses.
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This goes into depth on how a computer is identified by a
server.
I have access to the internet and i am an admin for a chat
room...my friend does too but he uses a different ISP.When i log in
at my friends house it wont give me admin priveledges? How come?
The reason for this is probably because of the change or
difference in the host names, since different ISP's have different
host names and IP Addresses, you may not get the priveledges.
But why not?
On some systems, admins use certain host names or certain
IP addresses to log into their computers and get their priveledges.
This is a security feature for the internet hacking. Since you will
never have the same address as they will, you wont be able to get
the priveledges. The point is that when you log in from a different
ISP, your host name isnt the same. The server that gives you the
proveldges has probably stored your host name or IP Address that you
use on your computer, and also has the same security feature enabled
so no one else with a different IP or ISP can get your admin
priveledges. (This is assuming that you dont have a password to log
in to get your priveledges, and is identified by a host name or IP
address)
You can see an example of this by downloading the chat
program mIRC from:
http://acid-rain1.tripod.com
Go to the mIRC page and download it.
When a user comes into mIRC and gets an @ by their name,
its because someone has given that user those priveledges and it has
stored their host name or IP address on its memory, and when they
log back on to the internet (assuming they have cable, which means
their IP and host name will usually be the same) it will check the
host name or IP address and tell whether to give them admin
priveledges or not.
The internet has a few more functions such as email for
one.
How does email work?
Email works by the addresses assigned to your email account
such as
bobdole6969@hotmail.com
when you get mail, you log into the server with your
password and username and if the server has mail on it then it will
tell you from who and let you download the message to your system so
you can view it.
How do I get mail?
By someone else, of course. From them when the mail has
started sending, the server checks the email address of the sender.
From there, once idntified of the address, it sends to the addresses
server. from that server it checks the address of the person you are
sending it to (email address). Once found, it uses the email
address, and just like a resolver does, resolves it to the host name
or the computer name of the server that owns that email address.
Then the email message is sent to the server that your email address
is using. From there the routing takes place. It finds the email
address that belongs to you once more and routs itself to your inbox
or email inbox. Sending servers are knows as SMTP (Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol) and Receiving servers are knows as POP3 (Post
Office Protocol 3) servers.
That's how email works.
7. Conclusion
Thanks for reading my tutorial on the complete guide to
computers. Im glad you took the time to read it, and i hope you now
understand how computers work. There will be a second version of
this tutorial out if i get enough emails from people asking more
questions.
PLEASE EMAIL ME QUESTIONS SO I CAN GET THE SECOND VERSION
OF THIS TUTORIAL OUT AS SOON AS POSSIBLE!!! Once again, thanks for
reading, and my email address and other info is just below this.
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Email : acid_rain@phreaker.net
ICQ Messenger : 64923834
MSN Messenger : JasonNewsted_35@hotmail.com
AOL Instant Messenger: aCId69rAIn69
Home Page : http://acid-rain1.tripod.co
Credits:
Email : acid_rain@phreaker.net
ICQ Messenger : 64923834
MSN Messenger : JasonNewsted_35@hotmail.com
AOL Instant Messenger: aCId69rAIn69
Home Page : http://acid-rain1.tripod.com
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